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关注阿司匹林依从性与心血管疾病二级预防论文

发布时间:2020-10-16 13:33:56 文章来源:SCI论文网 我要评论














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摘要:心血管疾病(Cardiovascular diseases,CVD)是我国近年来发病率及死亡率逐渐增高的疾病,阿司匹林已被证明在预防和治疗CVD方面具有显著的临床效果,并且是全世界范围内使用最广泛的药物之一。大量研究表明,阿司匹林是心血管病二级预防的基石用药,若患者无服用阿司匹林的禁忌症或严重不良反应,应该坚持长期甚至终身的预防用药。但实际上,阿司匹林依从性并不是理想的,并且随意停用或不规律服用阿司匹林者,可能会诱导血栓形成,从而增加心血管不良事件发生的风险。本文主要概述在心血管疾病中,关于阿司匹林依从性重要性,依从性差的原因以及可用于提高阿司匹林药物依从性的策略,对于未来临床工作中应用阿司匹林,具有一定的指导意义。

关键词:心血管疾病;阿司匹林;依从性;二级预防

本文引用格式:刘芳,李全忠.关注阿司匹林依从性与心血管疾病二级预防[J].世界最新医学信息文摘,2019,19(96):75-77.

Focus on Aspirin Compliance and Secondary Pprevention of Cardiovascular Disease

LIU Fang,LI Quan-zhong

(Department of Cardiology,Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College,Guilin Guangxi)

ABSTRACT:Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is a disease with increasing morbidity and mortality in recent years.Aspirin has been shown to have significant clinical effects in the prevention and treatment of CVD,and is one of the most widely used drugs worldwide.A large number of studies have shown that aspirin is the cornerstone of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.If patients do not take any contraindications or serious adverse reactions to aspirin,they should adhere to long-term or even lifelong preventive medication.In fact,aspirin compliance is not ideal,and random withdrawal or irregular administration of aspirin may induce thrombosis,which increases the risk of cardiovascular adverse events.This article outlines the importance of aspirin compliance,the reasons for poor adherence,and strategies that can be used to improve aspirin drug compliance in cardiovascular disease,which has certain guiding significance for the future application of aspirin in clinical work.

KEY WORDS:Cardiovascular disease;Aspirin;Compliance;Secondary prevention

0引言

依从性是指医患者双方以互相可接受的,积极主动,自愿以及合作的行为方式参与到临床治疗中,使其达到医患双方满意的治疗效果[1,2]。坚持长期的药物治疗对于慢性疾病而言,显得极其重要。有研究表明,有三分之一到三分之二的住院率是由于药物依从性不佳导致的[3]。一项关于二级预防试验的荟萃分析显示[4],对比服用安慰剂组,服用阿司匹林组的患者发生严重心血管事件的风险下降19%,而心肌梗死(Myocardial Infarction,MI)患者再发心血管事件的危险减少25%[5,6]。因此,美国和欧洲的实践指南强烈建议使用阿司匹林在心血管疾病(Cardiovascular Diseases,CVD)中进行二级预防治疗[7,8]。但在实际的临床治疗过程中,阿司匹林的依从性要比预期相差甚远,一项共有32项研究,对总计超过144 800例患者进行汇总中发现,阿司匹林治疗的依从性差,停药率的范围大约从10%到50%以上[9],这就是CVD治疗的主要障碍,所以我们更要关注阿司匹林依从性对于CVD二级预防治疗以及预后的影响。本文将阐述阿司匹林用药依从性与CVD的最新研究进展。

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1阿司匹林依从性在CVD治疗中的重要性

1.1阿司匹林与心血管疾病(CVD)


心血管系统就是指包括心脏和血管在内的血液循环系统,而CVD则是包括许多影响心脏和血管的疾病的一个非常庞大的临床概念,主要包括冠心病(Coronary heart Disease,CHD),心肌梗死(MI),脑血管疾病,外周动脉疾病,风湿性及先天性心脏病和静脉血栓栓塞等[10,11]。在大多数国家,CVD是发病率及死亡率第一的疾病。我们可以通过改变生活方式来降低发生CVD的风险,例如进行适当的体育锻炼;多食蔬菜、水果,低糖饮食、保持健康的体重、戒烟、限酒等[12,13],而服用阿司匹林等药物的抗血小板治疗是CVD二级预防的基石[10]。阿司匹林对心脏的保护作用是由于它能够不可逆的抑制血小板中环氧化酶(COX-1酶)的合成,从而抑制了前列腺素和血栓烷A2(TXA2)的形成,进而发挥抑制血小板聚集和血管收缩的作用[14,15-17],达到抗动脉硬化血栓的作用。低剂量阿司匹林(≥30 mg/d)可以有效抑制血小板聚集而不影响血管内皮细胞功能[14]。对于已经确定的冠状动脉疾病(Coronary Artery Disease,CAD)的患者,包括急性冠脉综合征(Acute Coronary Syndrome ACS)后进行了血运重建,冠状动脉狭窄>50%(通过冠状动脉造影诊断)和(或)诊断有心肌缺血的患者(包括ACS后第一年和(或)之前进行过冠状动脉搭桥术[Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting,CABG]的患者),建议长期75mg-100 mg剂量的阿司匹林抗血小板治疗,能够有效降低心血管事件的发生[18]。

1.2阿司匹林依从性差的后果

尽管大量证据表明低剂量阿司匹林对心脏的保护作用,但是其治疗效果更取决于长期治疗的依从性。根据最近数年的研究,目前阿司匹林的停药率高达50%[19]。许多研究评估了患者服用阿司匹林治疗的依从性,例如Biondi-Zoccai GG[20]等人的研究中表明,患者服用阿司匹林治疗的依从性差,可使主要不良心血管事件风险增加了3倍(OR值及95%CI:3.1(1.8-5.6);P<0.001)。另外,口服抗血小板药物(包括阿司匹林等药物)的依从性差已被证明是急性冠状动脉综合征后死亡率增加的独立预测因素[21]。根据最新的相关研究:2017年发表在最新一期的《circulation》上的一篇文章,Sundström[22]等人基于瑞典全国人群的队列研究中,分析了601,527名长期服用阿司匹林的患者,在至少治疗一年后有15%的患者自发停用阿司匹林,同时这些患者的心血管事件增加了30%以上,这就对应每74名停用阿司匹林的患者,每年将多发生一起心血管事件。在CVD二级预防中,中断阿司匹林治疗会导致发生心血管事件风险增加46%,而在一级预防中,阿司匹林依从性差的患者会导致心血管事件发生率增加28%。由此可见,不规律服用或任意停用阿司匹林的患者,将带来严重的后果,导致不良的预后。

1.3阿司匹林依从性差带来不良后果的机制

阿司匹林仍然是预防心血管事件中最广泛使用的药物。但因为阿司匹林治疗的不规范,手术或药物副作用而停药会增加血栓形成的风险。在大多数报告中,血栓形成事件的延迟时间在7-30天之间,最常见的是7-10天,目前对造成这种影响的机制仍知之甚少[23]。在一项动物实验中[24],将大鼠分为100组,每组10只,使用激光诱导的血栓形成的模型中,将阿司匹林分别以1 mg/kg,100mg/kg,以及几种不同的稀释度与环氧化酶[COX-1(SC-560),COX-2(NS-398)]或两种选择性抑制剂同时注入模型,实验证明了使用最低剂量的阿司匹林在所研究的大鼠中产生了诱导血栓形成的作用,并且这一作用与COX-1抑制途径无关;这有力地表明,服用阿司匹林治疗后患者的血液中可能残留极少量的阿司匹林,从而导致心血管事件的发生,这可能是由COX-2途径所介导发挥的作用。这项研究同时也可能解释了阿司匹林停药后所观察到的矛盾性的血栓栓塞的现象,即这并不是阿司匹林停药后的反弹效应,而是体内残留的极低剂量阿司匹林发挥的促血栓形成作用。

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2影响阿司匹林治疗依从性的相关因素

多种因素会影响CVD后二级预防中阿司匹林的依从性。常见的依从性差的原因包括:高龄、女性、受教育程度低、有糖尿病病史、有抑郁症病史、吸烟、肥胖等[25];除此之外,还可能与以下因素相关:第一、患者不愿意承受服用阿司匹林带来的药物副作用,例如:Pratt S[26]等的一项观察性研究,针对340例已确诊的CVD的患者接受小剂量阿司匹林(75-325 mg/d)治疗,有上消化道症状的患者坚持阿司匹林治疗的可能性大大降低(P<0.01)。另外,Moberg[27]等在一项研究中指出,上消化道症状是停用阿司匹林治疗的最常见原因。第二、在已经确诊CVD患者的长期治疗中,给药频率与药物治疗依从性成反比:给药频率越高,而患者药物治疗依从性反而越低[28]。在CRUSADE/ACTION登记册中,每添加一种药物,对多种药物治疗方案的不依从性就会增加1.06倍(95%CI:1.02-1.10,P<0.001)[29]。随着给药频率从每天的一到四次增加,依从性从80%下降到50%[30]。在一项对108万成年人的研究中,对比每日一次与每日两次服用控制血糖药物、降脂药物、抗血小板聚集药物、强心药物等治疗一年,研究发现在这种情况看下,抗血小板治疗药物依从性具有较大的差异,其依从性相当于下降了41.7%[28]。第三、患者对阿司匹林的反应性不佳,即阿司匹林耐药性,其定义为通常剂量的阿司匹林药物无法产生其抗血栓形成作用[31];各种实验室技术发现大约有10%的人会出现这种现象,这种现象被称为“阿司匹林抵抗”,在病因学上是多因素的影响,但药物依从性差已被证明是阿司匹林耐药性的主要原因[32]。第四、医生方面的原因也很重要,当医生并未向患者告知阿司匹林治疗的时间,或者是患者随访复查时并未给患者开阿司匹林处方,均将导致患者治疗的依从性不佳[33]。

3建议与展望

诚然,阿司匹林依从性在CVD二级预防治疗中的重要性不言而喻,但临床医生在开始阿司匹林治疗之前,应仔细权衡其利弊,最重要的是采取措施降低风险并避免CVD患者发生并发症[34]。长期使用阿司匹林治疗,患者将面临不必要的上消化道糜烂,溃疡,甚至出血的风险,但如果停用阿司匹林治疗,则会增加CVD患者发生主要不良心血管事件(Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events,MACE)风险。多项研究证明阿司匹林联合使用质子泵抑制剂(Proton Pump Inhibitor,PPI)的药物,可减少与阿司匹林相关的胃肠道不良事件发生率,并且改善阿司匹林依从性[35]。一项多国随机试验发现,服用小剂量阿司匹林26周后,对比服用安慰剂的人群,同时服用40mg/d和20 mg/d的艾索美拉唑的患者中,明显降低了出现消化性溃疡的风险[34]。最值得注意的是,E.Martin Merino[36]等人的研究发现,在35,000例服用低剂量阿司匹林治疗的CVD患者中,与不使用PPI相比,持续服用PPI与阿司匹林治疗者停药的风险明显降低(OR值及95%CI:0.83(0.74-0.93),P<0.001)。因此,阿司匹林联合PPI的治疗方案,将在CVD患者的临床实践中获益。除此之外,也可以通过电话提醒、强化对患者及家属的教育、宣传小册子等方式提高患者阿司匹林治疗的依从性[37]。

在全世界,阿司匹林治疗的依从性对CVD患者的二级预防的获益是显而易见的。但实际上,我们发现阿司匹林依从性比预期相差甚远。因此,引起大家关注阿司匹林依从性与心血管疾病的二级预防治疗显得尤为重要;同时提高患者对阿司匹林的依从性,改善CVD的预后,将是临床工作中的一项新的挑战,仍待进一步探索。

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