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摘要:目的探讨系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者认知功能障碍情况及危险因素分析。方法选取自2015年1月至2019年1月潍坊医学院附属医院确诊为系统性红斑狼疮65例患者,男12例,女53例,平均年龄(32.5±13.5)岁,平均受教育年限(13.6±5.4)年,并选取同期于我院住院的65例非系统性红斑狼疮患者作为对照组,男12例,女53例,平均年龄(35.5±15.5)岁,平均受教育年限(12.5±6.5)年,应用蒙特利尔认知功能量表(MoCA)进行认知功能评估,并行Logistic分析其危险因素。结果65例SLE患者中,发生认知功能损害的有32例(49.23%),较对照组中发生认知功能损害的15例(23.08%)明显升高;SLE组与对照组MoCA量表比较:视空间及执行能力、命名、注意、抽象、延迟回忆、定向及总分均显著低于对照组,且均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Logistic分析,病程长(OR 2.01,95%CI 1.52~5.84),合并神经系统损害(OR 5.92,95%CI 1.56~8.34),肾脏疾病(OR 3.45,95%CI 1.34~4.72),血液系统并发症(OR 3.73 95%1.05~5.68),药物副作用显著(OR 2.92,95%CI 1.13~3.34),社会保障不足(OR 1.45,95%CI 1.04~4.72),达到临床缓解所需时间长(OR 2.73,95%CI 1.05~3.68)是系统性红斑狼疮患者认知功能损害的独立危险因素。结论系统性红斑狼疮患者认知功能损害发生率高,病程长,合并神经系统损害,肾脏疾病,血液系统并发症,药物副作用显著,社会保障不足,达到临床缓解所需时间长是系统性红斑狼疮认知功能损害的独立危险因素。
关键词:系统性红斑狼疮;认知功能损害;蒙特利尔认知评估表;危险因素
本文引用格式:朱子豪,柴春香,赵学兰,等.系统性红斑狼疮患者认知功能障碍情况调查及危险因素分析[J].世界最新医学信息文摘,2019,19(82):8-9,12.
Investigation of Cognitive Impairment and Analysis of Risk Factors in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
ZHU Zi-hao1,XU Hui-ying2,CHAI Chun-xiang2*,ZHAO Xue-lan2,CHEN Xue-xun2,CAO Bo2,SU Yu-hua2,WANG Xiao-dong2,LUAN Qing-xia 2
(1.Weifang Medical College,Weifang Shandong;2.Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College,Weifang Shandong)
ABSTRACT:Objective To investigate the cognitive impairment and risk factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).Methods 65 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were diagnosed in the Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College,from January 2015 to January 2019,including 12 males and 53 females,with an average age of(32.5±13.5)years and an average length of education of(13.6±5.4)years.Sixty-five patients with non-systemic lupus erythematosus hospitalized in our hospital during the same period were selected as control group,12 males.Fifty-three women,with an average age of(35.5+15.5)years and an average length of education of(12.5+6.5)years,were assessed by Montreal Cognitive Function Scale(MoCA)and their risk factors were analyzed by Logistic.Results Among 65 SLE patients,32(49.23%)had cognitive impairment,which was significantly higher than 15(23.08%)in the control group.Compared with the MoCA scale of the control group,the scores of visual space and executive ability,naming,attention,abstraction,delayed recall,orientation and total score of SLE group were significantly lower than those of the control group.Logistic analysis showed that the course of disease was long(OR 2.01,95%CI 1.52-5.84),combined with nervous system damage(OR 5.92,95%CI 1.56-8.34),kidney disease(OR 3.45,95%CI 1.34-4.72),hematological complications(OR 3.73%,95%CI 1.05-5.68),and side effects of drugs were significant(OR 2.92,95%CI 1.56-8.34),and hematological complications(OR 3.73%,95%CI 1.05-5.68),insufficient social security(OR 1.45,95%CI 1.04-4.72),and long time to achieve clinical remission(OR 2.73,95%CI 1.05-3.68)are independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in SLE patients.Conclusion Systemic lupus erythematosus patients with high incidence of cognitive impairment,long course of disease,combined with nervous system damage,kidney disease,blood system complications,significant side effects of drugs,inadequate social security,long time to achieve clinical remission are independent risk factors for cognitive impairment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
KEY WORDS:Systemic lupus erythematosus;Cognitive impairment;Montreal Cognitive assessment;Risk factors
0引言
系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是一种累及多系统多脏器损害的自身免疫性疾病,随着治疗技术的不断进步,药物应用不断规范,患者病死率明显下降,长期生存率显著延长,认知功能障碍逐渐成为影响系统性红斑狼疮生存生活质量的重要原因之一。严重者出现抑郁、焦虑恐惧等精神疾病,给患者身心带来巨大的伤害。研究表明约有37%~95%的SLE患者存在不同程度的神经精神症状,认知功能障碍约占55%~80%[1]。早期筛查及早进行危险因素干预非常必要。近年来,蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)在评价认知功能情况的应用十分广泛,总分30分,囊括8个认知领域的11个检查项目,引入了文化程度偏倚修正,更强调了执行功能和注意力的评估,对于轻度认知障碍的筛查更加灵敏,特异性更高[2-3]。本研究运用MoCA量表评估系统性红斑狼疮患者的认知功能损害情况,并进行危险因素评估,为临床评估和干预SLE患者的认知功能提供诊疗依据。
1资料和方法
1.1一般资料
选取自2015年1月至2019年1月我院确诊为系统性红斑狼疮65例患者,均符合1982年美国风湿病学会)(ACR)SLE分类诊断标准[4],男12例,女53例,平均年龄(32.5±13.5)岁,平均受教育年限(13.6±5.4)年,并选取同期我院65例非系统性红斑狼疮患者作为对照组,男12例,女53例,平均年龄(35.5±15.5)岁,平均受教育年限(12.5±6.5)年,两组在年龄,性别,受教育程度等方面无差异性。
1.2排除标准
有精神性狼疮急性发作及存在其他急性并发症者;存在严重的视力、听力障碍等影响检查者;有严重的头部外伤史,脑卒中及脑出血,精神疾病的患者及长期服用抗精神病或存在影响认知功能的药物者;患有其他可影响认知的疾病。
1.3认知功能评估方法
用MoCA量表中文版[5]对所有患者进行认知功能评估。评分要参照文化程度,对于受教育年限≤9年者,在得分的基础上加1分,校正教育程度的偏差。总分30分,≤24分,为存在认知功能障碍。本研究中由经过专门培训的医务人员进行测查。
1.4统计学方法
采用SPSS 19.0对数据进行分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(±s)表示,应用独立样本t检验进行数据处理,Logistic分析危险因素,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1两组患者认知功能损害发生率比较
65例SLE患者中,发生认知功能损害的有32例(49.23%),男性10例(15.38%),女性22例(33.85%);非SLE组,发生认知功能损害的有6例(9.23%),男性2例(3.08%),女性4例(6.15%),SLE组患者认知功能损害发生率较对照组明显升高。
2.2SLE组与对照组MoCA量表比较
视空间及执行能力、命名、注意、抽象、延迟回忆、定向及总分均显著低于对照组,总分及各子项目(除语言子项)均有统计学意义(P<0.05)见表1。
2.3SLE患者认知功能损害危险因素分析
病程长,合并神经系统损害,肾脏疾病,血液系统并发症,药物副作用显著,社会保障不足,达到临床缓解所需时间长是系统性红斑狼疮认知功能损害的独立危险因素。见表2。
3讨论
随着近年来医疗水平的不断提高,SLE的治疗日益规范,而认知功能障碍所带来的危害变得逐渐突出[6],SLE合并认知障碍因其特殊性,给疾病的早期诊断和干预带来了极大挑战。有调查显示[7],有55%~80%SLE患者伴有不同程度的认知功能损害。有多篇研究报道[8-10]发现在长期SLE治疗患者中,存在认知功能障碍的比例显著高于非SLE的其他患者及普通人群,也有报道称认知损害在SLE早期甚至SLE初诊时就已经存在,并随着整个病程损害程度逐渐加重[11],其发生机制可能与脑部神经结构受损或核团功能异常密切相关[12],此外,更有研究指出[13],情感障碍、β受体阻滞剂等药品的使用、电解质紊乱也会影响认知功能。本文研究发现,SLE患者中,发生认知功能损害的有32例(49.23%),非SLE组中发生认知功能损害的有6例(9.23%),提示SLE组患者合并认知功能损害的发生率较对照组明显升高,这与既往研究报道相一致。
目前,有很多工具用于认知障碍患者的筛查和评估,但仅有部分量表用于SLE患者的认知筛查与评估,其中MMSE量表在以往认知损害的筛查过程中应用最为广泛,近年来研究[14]表明,MMSE量表的敏感性较低,且主要注重记忆及语言的损害而忽略了对执行功能损害的评估。MoCA量表[15]包括视空间与执行功能、命名、记忆、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆和定向力等多个方面的认知评估,共计30分,与MMSE量表比较,MoCA量表做了大量的改进,在设计上具有认知筛查领域更广泛,敏感性更高,设计合理更等优点。有多篇报道指出[16-18],MoCA在筛查认知障碍方面优于MMSE。本文通过SLE组与对照组MoCA量表比较发现,SLE组视空间及执行能力、命名、注意、抽象、延迟回忆、定向及总分均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),也再次验证了SLE患者合并认知功能损害的发生率高。
严重的认知功能损害,不仅给用药、治疗、护理等方面带来困难,而且会给社会及家庭带来沉重的负担,故早期识别高危人群是否并发认知功能损害并及时干预危险因素显得十分必要,本文通过多因素Logistic分析发现,病程长、合并神经系统损害、肾脏疾病、血液系统并发症、药物副作用显著、社会保障不足、达到临床缓解所需时间长是系统性红斑狼疮认知功能损害的独立危险因素,有研究报道称[19],病程越长,认知功能越差,本文与该篇报道基本相符。
SLE患者合并认知功能损害起病隐匿,症状不明显,极易被SLE主要表现掩盖,导致认知功能损害诊断率低,本文通过MoCA量表及多因素Logistic分析发现系统性红斑狼疮患者认知功能损害发生率高,且存在多种可干预的独立危险因素,旨在提醒临床医生增加对认知功能损害的重视及关注度,及早干预危险因素,降低SLE患者认知功能损害发生率,可更好的改善患者生活质量及提高其预期寿命。
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