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【摘要】 肿瘤坏死因子 -α(TNF-α)是人体内重要的炎性细胞因子,与人的情绪行为和认知有关。目前双相障碍和精神分裂症 的临床诊断主要依靠病史采集和精神检查,缺乏有效且客观的实验室指标和生物标志物。对 TNF-α 的研究有助于了解双相障碍、精神分 裂症的发病机制,为其诊断和治疗提供参考依据。本文就 TNF-α 在双相障碍及精神分裂症诊治中的应用研究进展进行综述。
【关键词】 肿瘤坏死因子-α,双相障碍,精神分裂症,研究进展
Research progress oftumor necrosis factor-α in diagnosis and treatmentofbipolardisorders and schizophrenia
SU Langjun1. LI Chunyang1. 2 *
(1. The First Clinical Medical College of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023 Guangdong, China; 2. Psychiatric Department of Wu Zhongpei Memorial Hospital of Shunde District, Foshan 528300 Guangdong, China)
【 Abstract】 Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is an important inflammatory cytokine in human body, which is related to human emotional behavior and cognition. At present, the clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia mainly depends on the medical history collection and the psychiatric examination, and it lacks effective and objective laboratory indicators and biomarkers. The study of TNF-α will help to understand the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and provide a reference for its diagnosis and treatment. This paper reviews the application research progress of TNF-α in the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
【Keywords】 Tumor necrosis factor-α; Bipolar disorder; Schizophrenia; Research progress
肿瘤坏死因子 - α(TNF-α)是由巨噬细胞、 淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞等免疫细胞及一些结构细胞 在损伤、感染刺激下产生的一种炎性细胞因子,可 驱动其他细胞因子的产生, 还能影响神经递质水平, 调节人的情绪、行为和认知功能 [1] 。精神分裂症和 双相障碍是发病率较高的两种精神疾病,目前临床 主要依靠病史采集和精神检查诊断,缺乏有效且客 观的生物标志物。已知轻度全身炎症 / 免疫失调是 诱发精神疾病的潜在因素之一,TNF-α 作为常见 的炎性因子,或可作为诊断这两种精神疾病的生物 标志物 [2] 。本文就 TNF-α 在双相障碍及精神分裂 症诊治中的应用研究进展进行综述。
1 TNF-α 用于双相障碍诊治的研究进展
1.1 双相障碍患者血清 TNF-α 表达水平的横断面 研究 双相障碍是一种既有躁狂或轻躁狂发作,又有抑郁发作的慢性复发性情感障碍,可分为Ⅰ型双 相障碍(躁狂、抑郁症状均较明显)及Ⅱ型双相障 碍(抑郁为主,伴有轻微躁狂)。
国外研究报道,双相障碍急性期患者在抑郁发 作、躁狂发作和混合状态时血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、 白细胞介素 -6(IL-6)和 TNF-α 水平均升高,而 在缓解期则处于正常范围 [3] ;也有学者认为Ⅱ型 双相障碍患者缓解期血清 TNF-α 水平低于正常范 围 [4] 。此外,病程也可能影响血清 TNF-α 水平, Kauer-Sant,Anna 等 [5] 发现,双相障碍晚期(病 程 >10 年)患者的血清 TNF-α 水平显著高于早期 患者(病程 <3 年)。因此, TNF-α 可作为区分双 相障碍病程长短及发作状态的潜在生物标志物。
1.2 双相障碍患者血清 TNF-α 表达水平的纵向 研究 Mao 等 [6] 对 61 例双相障碍抑郁发作患者 使用抗抑郁药物治疗 12 周后, 治疗有效(汉密 尔顿抑郁量表评分降低 >50%) 的患者治疗前血 浆 TNF-α 水平显著低于健康对照组,治疗后血清 TNF-α 水平高于治疗前,但与健康对照组比较差 异无统计学意义;治疗无效的患者无论治疗前后,血清 TNF-α 水平均与健康对照组接近。 Pantović- Stefanović 等 [7] 发现, 双相障碍急性期及缓解期患者 的血清 TNF-α 水平均低于健康对照组,而 vanden Ameele 等 [8] 研究认为,双相障碍抑郁发作、躁狂 发作患者的血清 TNF-α 水平均高于健康者,在治 疗 2 个月达到缓解期后,二者血清 TNF-α 水平均 恢复至正常范围,且抑郁、躁狂患者之间没有明显 差异。以上不同研究结论存在较大差异,可能与病例 异质性(吸烟史、体质量、合并症、分期标准、遗传 等因素的差异)有关,也可能与检测试剂盒、样本收 集时间、样本处理及保存方式的差异有关 [9]。
1.3 血清 TNF-α 水平与双相障碍患者认知功能的 关系 有研究显示,生理状态下 TNF-α 通过 TNF 受体转导,可发挥神经保护或神经退行性作用,对 大脑正常发育和突触可塑性至关重要 [10]。而高水平 的 TNF-α 会产生神经毒性作用,直接损伤神经元 并抑制神经可塑性,从而影响患者记忆、学习和整 体认知功能。
有影像学证据表明,双相障碍患者负责执行 功能、视觉处理和注意力的大脑区域的神经结构改 变与 TNF-α 相关 [11] 。多项研究报道,I 型双相障 碍患者发病早期血清 TNF-α 水平显著升高,与患 者整体认知、加工速度、工作记忆呈负相关,且 不受其他炎性因子的影响 [12-13] 。Chen 等 [14] 研究表 明,心境障碍患者认知功能损害程度与受教育程度、 TNF-α 水平均相关, 而且 TNF-α 水平是执行功 能受损的主要预测因素,抗炎治疗可能会减轻认知 功能损伤。
1.4 TNF-α 抑 制 剂 治 疗 双 相 障 碍 的 研 究 进 展 TNF-α 抑制剂是一类新型抗炎药物,主要包 括英夫利昔单抗、阿达木单抗、赛妥珠单抗及依 那西普等,作用机制为通过模仿可溶性 TNF-α 受 体来减少循环中的 TNF-α[15] 。近年来有研究报道, 英夫利昔单抗可用于双相障碍的治疗中,其对血清 TNF-α 、CRP 水平较高的双相障碍患者有较好的 抗抑郁作用 [16-18] 。也有研究称,英夫利昔单抗可明 显减轻有童年身体或性虐待史的双相障碍抑郁发作 患者的抑郁症状,并且可通过测定 TNF-α 水平来 预测快感缺失症状的改善情况 [19] 。基于以上研究, 预先评估双相障碍患者的 TNF-α 水平可明确其生 物类型分层,筛选能从 TNF-α 抑制剂治疗中获益 的患者 [20] 。此外,有动物实验发现,TNF-α 抑制 剂可有效预防应激及神经炎症诱发的认知损害 [12]。
但也有研究认为,TNF-α 抑制剂可能诱发患者躁 狂发作,尚需大样本、前瞻性研究来评估该类药物 的不良反应发生风险及易患人群 [21]。
2 TNF-α 用于精神分裂症诊治的研究进展
2.1 精神分裂症患者血清 TNF-α 表达水平的横 断面研究 精神分裂症属于重性精神疾病,症状表 现为思维认知、情绪、行为的功能失调,现阶段主 要依据临床精神症状检查诊断,缺乏明确的生物学 指标。
Goldsmith 等 [22] 的荟萃分析报道,精神分裂症 急性期患者血清 TNF-α 水平明显高于健康对照组。 也有研究报道,首发未用药精神分裂症患者血清 TNF-α 水平显著低于健康对照组,而病程较长的患 者血清 TNF-α 水平则显著高于健康对照组 [23-24], 其原因可能与疾病的慢性进行性发展有关,也可 能与精神药物的长期使用有关,这一结果也提示 TNF-α 水平可用于判断慢性精神分裂症的疾病 进程。
2.2 精神分裂症患者血清 TNF-α 表达水平的纵向 研究 Azizi 等 [25] 的纵向研究发现,精神分裂症患 者用药前的血清 TNF-α 水平高于健康对照组,在 使用利培酮治疗后, 其血清 TNF-α 水平显著降低, 与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。而另外一些研究 显示,慢性精神分裂症患者用药后血清 TNF-α 水 平较治疗前无明显变化,但治疗前后均高于健康 人 [26-29] ,提示 TNF-α 可能是精神分裂症的特质性 标志之一。以上研究结果不一致可能与病例异质性 (年龄、性别、病程、吸烟史、饮酒史、肥胖、合 并症、代谢紊乱等因素)及抗精神病药物治疗有 关 [30-32],也可能与不同的血样来源、血样保存方法、 检测试剂盒等因素有关 [33]。
2.3 血清 TNF-α 水平与精神分裂症患者症状的相 关性 多项研究发现,慢性精神分裂症患者的血清 TNF- α 水平与阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)总分 呈负相关,但与阴性症状分量表评分呈正相关 [34-37]。 Goldsmith 等 [38] 报道,慢性精神分裂症患者基线 血清 TNF-α 水 平 与阴性症状呈正相关,因此 TNF-α 或可作为诊断精神分裂症患者阴性症状的 生物标志物,并作为治疗阴性症状的新靶点。
此外,氧化应激反应与炎症反应可能参与了 精神分裂症的病理生理过程 [39] 。神经炎症在精神 分裂症的认知缺陷中起到重要的作用,血清高水平 TNF-α 可引起工作记忆下降, 而抑制 TNF-α 水平可以逆转慢性神经炎症引起的神经功能障碍,改 善记忆丧失、空间学习障碍及认知功能障碍 [40] 。针 对 TNF-α 的靶向治疗有望成为神经退行性疾病的 新疗法。
3 总结与展望
综上所述,血清 TNF-α 水平与双相障碍及精 神分裂症的病程、症状严重程度及认知功能等均可 能存在相关性,有望成为这两种疾病诊断及疗效评 估的生物学指标。而 TNF-α 抑制剂可为双相障碍 及精神分裂症患者的治疗提供新思路。但目前不同 研究结果的差异较大, 未来还需要进行更大样本量, 纳入不同分期、分型患者的前瞻性研究,以进一步 探讨 TNF-α 在双相障碍、精神分裂症诊断及治疗 中的应用价值。
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