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免疫治疗生物标志物论文

发布时间:2020-06-29 10:01:44 文章来源:SCI论文网 我要评论














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摘要:免疫检查点抑制剂,如蛋白程序死亡-1(PD-1)与其配体(PD-L1)之间相互作用的干预,已经应用于许多类型的癌症。尽管免疫治疗取得令人兴奋的进展,但仅有20-30%的患者对免疫治疗有效。为了更好地了解治疗失败原因以及如何最好地改变个体患者的治疗方案,免疫治疗的生物标志物就显得尤为重要。本文主要以免疫治疗生物标志物做一综述。

关键词:免疫治疗;生物标志物

本文引用格式:杜家乐,张翠英.免疫治疗生物标志物[J].世界最新医学信息文摘,2019,19(66):140-141.

Immunotherapy Biomarkers

DU Jia-le1,ZHANG Cui-ying2*

(1.Graduate School,Inner Mongolia Medical University,Hohhot Inner Mongolia;2.Internal Medicine-Oncology,People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Hohhot Inner Mongolia)

ABSTRACT:Immunological checkpoint inhibitors,such as the interaction between programmed death-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1),have been applied to many types of cancer.Despite the exciting progress in immunotherapy,only 20-30%of patients are effective in immunotherapy.In order to better understand the causes of treatment failure and how to best change the treatment of individual patients,biomarkers of immunotherapy are particularly important.This article focuses on immunotherapeutic biomarkers.

KEY WORDS:Immunotherapy;Biomarkers

0引言

免疫系统在癌症控制中的作用已经争论了一个多世纪。过去,肿瘤被认为是单个克隆,无序细胞的结果,实际上,大多数肿瘤是由多个(前)恶性细胞引起的[1]。肿瘤由异质细胞群组成,包括转化细胞和未转化细胞(如基质细胞,内皮细胞和免疫细胞),它们在其微环境中具有不可缺少的功能[2,3]。在单一疗法或联合疗法中阻断针对T细胞检查点分子(包括CTLA-4和PD-1/PD-L1轴)的抗体已经开始彻底改变目前在各种癌症类型中的标准癌症治疗[4-6]。因此,必须进行生物标志物研究,以进一步表征这些不同类型的肿瘤并为治疗策略提供指导。本文就免疫治疗生物标志物做一综述。

1T细胞活化诱导型共刺激分子(ICOS)

T细胞活化诱导型共刺激分子(ICOS)在活化T细胞的细胞表面上表达,并在T细胞扩增和存活中起作用。在用ipilimumab或tremelimumab治疗后,膀胱癌,乳腺癌和间皮瘤患者CD4+ICOS+T细胞的频率呈剂量依赖性增加[7,8]。此外,在CTLA-4阻断治疗后12周内观察到CD4+ICOS+T细胞持续增加,并与4项独立研究中存活率提高相关[9]。

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2骨髓来源的抑制性细胞(MDSC)

骨髓来源的抑制性细胞(MDSC)是表型异质的细胞群,其由髓样细胞祖细胞和骨髓细胞的前体组成。同时MDSC也可以作为抗原呈递细胞(APC)发挥作用。在患有胰腺癌,乳腺癌,非小细胞肺癌和头颈部鳞状细胞癌的患者中鉴定出人MDSC。人MDSC具有不成熟的表型,其通常是谱系阴性(Lin-),CD14-,HLA-DR-,CD15+,CD34+,CD11b+,CD33+和CD13+[10,11]。MDSC主要通过产生抑制性分子(例如ARG1,细胞因子,转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)或IL-10)发挥免疫抑制功能。人类常见的表型是CD14+/HLA-DRlow/-,它基于这种细胞群抑制淋巴细胞功能的能力。CD14+/HLA-DRlow/-细胞的数量在黑素瘤患者中显示升高,并且这种增加与黑素瘤疾病活动相关[13]。因此,最近提出MDSC作为与疾病进展或存活相关的潜在生物标志物[14]。Ipilimumab治疗诱导了MDSC频率的早期降低。此外,较低的基线MDSC频率与改善的总生存期相关[15]。

3调节T细胞(Treg细胞)

Treg细胞在其细胞表面和细胞内具有FOXP3和CTLA-4的组成型表达。最近,一项研究表明,抗CTLA-4抗体通过Fc依赖性机制消除肿瘤病变中的Treg,从而潜在地增强小鼠的抗肿瘤免疫[16]。此外,外周血Treg(CD4+CD25+CD62L+细胞)的数量在早期时间点降低,但在下一次给药时反弹至基线值或以上[17]。相反,一些研究报道,ipilimumab实际上诱导了Treg的增殖和扩增,特别是在较低剂量时,而活化的效应CD4+细胞仅在较高的ipilimumab剂量下扩增。尽管降低的FOXP3/Treg与ipilimumab治疗的黑色素瘤患者的临床结果相关[18],但如上所述,在外周血和肿瘤组织中使用新标记物进行进一步表征Treg至关重要,探讨其与临床结果的相关性,之后再用与免疫疗法治疗的患者。

4程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)

程序性死亡配体(PD-L1)表达现在是对抗PD-1/PD-L1药物的药物反应的最广泛验证的预测生物标志物。多种基因组畸变如基因PD-L1和JAK2的拷贝数扩增可导致PD-L1蛋白的高表达和不良预后[19,20]。基于PD-L1表达,pembrolizumab被批准用于一线治疗转移性非小细胞肺癌,cutoff值为50%,而二线治疗仅需1%[19]。但是,临床试验中的不同PD-L1测定提供了“PD-L1表达”的变量定义和“PD-L1阳性/高”的各种cutoff值,使得甚至在相同肿瘤类型上难以比较药物功效。例如,对于尿路上皮癌患者,当用pembrolizumab治疗时,通过PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx测试的PD-L1表达通过在肿瘤活组织检查中表达PD-L1的细胞(肿瘤细胞,巨噬细胞或淋巴细胞)的百分比来评分,并且10%的临界值与较高的药物反应频率相关[20]。同时,当用atezolizumab治疗时,通过VENTANA PD-L1 SP142(Ventana Medical Systems,Inc,Oro Valley,AR,USA)评估PD-L1表达,取决于PD-L1染色的肿瘤浸润性免疫细胞的百分比,并且使用5%为cutoff值。此外,当用durvalumab治疗时,通过VENTANA PD-L1(SP263)测定PD-L1表达,并且高PD-L1表达被定义为肿瘤细胞或免疫细胞染色PD-L1表达的25%[21]。此外,当用nivolumab处理时,根据PD-L1 IHC的膜染色评估PD-L1表达28-8 pharmDx,使用了几个cutoff值(5%,1%,1%)[22]。考虑到患者不会对他的PD-L1表达进行每次检测,很难为患者选择最合适的治疗方法。

5PD-L1单核苷酸多态性(PD-L1 SNP)

单核苷酸多态性(SNP)通常用于了解药物对各种疾病的反应机制。PD-L1 SNP先前报道与PD-L1表达有关。更容易标准化的PD-L1 SNP可以用作补偿PD-L1表达的生物标志物,特别是当PD-1表达不足以进一步鉴定应答者时[23]。例如,当用nivolumab治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者时,PD-L1表达不足为患者提供免疫治疗治疗依据,这时PD-L1 SNP便可以协助患者是否选择使用nivolumab治疗[24]。尽管PD-L1 SNP更容易标准化并且可以进一步鉴定用nivolumab治疗的响应性和无应答的NSCLC患者,但是它们的应用仍存在一些不确定性。PD-L1 SNP的应用是否仍需要复杂的肿瘤类型考虑?它们应该用作PD-L1表达的补充还是独立使用?需要进一步的临床试验来指导应用PD-L1 SNP作为对抗PD-1/PD-L1药物的反应的预测生物标志物。

6微卫星不稳定性(MSI)与缺陷型错配修复(dMMR)

与需要复杂考虑不同肿瘤类型的PD-L1表达相比,微卫星不稳定性(MSI)成为用pembrolizumab治疗的实体肿瘤的第一个批准的无组织检测的生物标志物,无论PD-L1表达如何。MSI是缺陷型错配修复(dMMR)系统的分子标记。由于错配修复系统在检测和切断DNA复制过程中的错配中具有关键作用,MSI导致内源性抗肿瘤反应,其被PD-1或PD-L1的表达抵消。因此,当用pembrolizumab治疗时,在MSI高(MSI-H),dMMR结直肠癌和非结直肠癌中效果较好[25,26]。虽然受到MSI作为药物对PD-1/PD-L1阻断反应的组织学生物标志物的发现的启发,但它不足以预测仅通过MSI分类的药物反应和相反的表型微卫星稳定型(MSS),其通常被认为与阴性药物相关反应。首先应该注意的是,MSI的频率在不同类型的癌症中是可变的。MSI的频率在一些癌症类型中很高,例如,结肠直肠癌中为13%,子宫内膜癌和胃癌中为22%。然而,其他一些癌症类型中MSI的频率非常低,例如,肺部接近0%癌症,膀胱癌仅占1%,肾细胞癌占2%,HNSCC占3%,这远低于可能受益于PD-1/PD-L1阻滞的患者百分比。其次,MSI肿瘤的反应率从未达到100%,一些MSI患者显示出对抗PD-1/PD-L1药物的抗药性[27]。

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7POLE和JAK1/2突变

POLE突变为MSS表型患者带来了希望。POLE是参与DNA复制和修复的DNA聚合酶。POLE的突变有助于预测MSS表型结直肠癌患者对pembrolizumab的反应有效率[30]。同样的现象在子宫内膜癌患者中有报道,这些患者有POLE突变,并且对pembrolizumab或nivolumab表现出特殊反应。然而,这些病例报告不足以验证POLE突变作为阳性生物标志物[28,29]。需要更大的临床试验来测试突变的POLE和MSS患者的药物反应。JAK1和JAK2作为MSI肿瘤的阴性生物标志物出现。它们由干扰素-γ诱导并且可以激活STAT1/STAT2/STAT3-IRF1轴以上调PD-L1表达,导致NK细胞对肿瘤溶解的抗性增加[30,31]。因此JAK1和JAK1的功能丧失突变JAK2可以消除干扰素-γ信号传导。据报道,JAK1和JAK2突变与dMMR结肠癌中对pembrolizumab的原发性耐药有关[32]。然而,正如POLE突变,它还需要通过临床试验进行验证。

8总结

在上述探索性研究中讨论的潜在生物标志物需要在未来更多的临床研究中进行验证。总体而言,理想的生物标志物应便于在临床环境中使用,并提供对患者临床反应的准确预测,提高患者对免疫治疗的有效率。此外,从正在进行的研究和新兴技术中获得的新知识将改进我们的生物标志物研究的实际临床应用战略。

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