最后, 本研究发现在不确定环境下, 战略决策周密在伦理型领导和新产品开发绩效间关系的中介作用被加强, 其绩效价值得以提升.这对过往研究认为“环境不确定性弱化了企业通过战略决策周密获取的绩效价值, 反而带来较高成本”的这一观点[45]提出了挑战.从案例研究中可以看出, 周密的信息处理模式确实给企业甚至是员工、医院等都带来较高的成本, 但同时也赋予新产品一定的“反脆弱性”.案例企业遭遇药品安全危机后, 其新产品非但没有被迫退市, 反而转“危”为“机”.随后, 其新产品绩效得到了极大的提升.本文认为, 既有研究忽视了周密式信息处理模式的长期收益.本研究表明, 在高环境不确定性下, 周密式的信息处理模式可以被视为一种向上的实物期权, 其成本是可以锁定的, 但一旦发生危机或者环境的巨大变化, 这种期权将给新产品和企业带来极大的收益.
4.3 实践启示
尽管理论和经验证据都表明伦理型领导对企业绩效有较好的影响, 但业界对此结论一直存在争议.无论是支付宝的“圈子事件”、宅代洗的“剪电线事件”、还是饿了么的“黑作坊事件”, 都表明一些企业家仍然秉承“结果可为手段辩护”“成王败寇”的市侩智慧, 为尽快推出新产品、塑造竞争力而不择手段.他们认为重视“商业伦理”并不一定能为企业赢得较好的回报, 因此对“商业伦理”视而不见.然而, 本文的研究对“好心不得好报”的世俗智慧提出挑战.对企业来说, 本研究具有如下启示. (1) 伦理型领导的“好心”确实能够为企业赢得“好报”, 并且“好报”通过其在信息处理过程中更加全面、周密的信息处理方式实现.据此, 本文建议企业任用伦理型的领导或者是对企业领导进行伦理方面的相关培训, 并能够接纳其全面、周密的决策方式, 使得伦理型领导的绩效价值得以实现. (2) 研究表明, 伦理型领导的“好心”通过周密的信息处理模式至少从3个方面影响新产品开发绩效:开发更多新的产品;迭代更新既有产品;提高新产品的“反脆弱性”.并且, 在外部环境不确定性较高的情况下, 伦理型领导的“好心”将更多地通过战略决策周密赢得“好报”.据此, 本文建议, 在高不确定性的环境下, 企业家要胆大心细, 详尽、全面地收集信息并做出决策, 赋予新产品“反脆弱性”, 以期在不确定环境中收获期权价值.
4.4 局限与展望
本研究存在一些局限和不足, 为未来研究提供了方向.
本研究采用主观报告法测量变量, 研究结果可能会受到共同方法偏差的影响.虽然本研究的检验结果表明, 共同方法偏差的影响并不严重, 但是仍然有学者质疑自我报告法的严谨性.未来研究可以采用主观数据和客观数据相结合的方式对变量进行测量, 以降低共同方法偏差可能带来的影响.
本研究采用横截面数据开展研究, 未能探讨新产品开发绩效对伦理型领导的逆向因果问题.虽然本研究基于探索性案例研究和过往文献建立了“伦理型领导—新产品开发绩效”的因果关系模型, 但这两者之间可能存在互为因果的关系.例如, Schweitzer等[46]研究发现, 目标的设定可能会导致个体采取非伦理的行为.类似地, 新产品开发绩效较低的企业可能会设定较高的经济绩效目标, 从而导致企业领导采取非伦理型领导风格、采用非伦理手段开展恶性竞争, 以摆脱新产品开发绩效较低的困境.本文认为, 未来研究可以考虑采用面板数据, 检验新产品开发绩效对伦理型领导的逆向作用.
本研究未考虑领导的任期[47]、企业的研发投入[48]和冗余资源[49]等其他一些重要的控制变量.借鉴过往研究[11,37], 本研究将一些重要的控制变量纳入考量, 如企业规模、企业年龄、行业类型等, 但过往研究也未将领导的任期、企业的研发投入和冗余资源等控制变量纳入考量.为能够和这些研究的结果形成对比, 本文在研究设计时也没有考虑这些变量.事实上, 领导的任期、企业的研发投入和冗余资源可能会影响企业信息处理模式和新产品开发绩效.因此, 本文建议未来的研究考虑这些控制变量, 使研究更加严谨、规范.
伦理型领导的内涵和量表可能不完全适用于中国情境.虽然Brown等[4]所采用的量表已经在中国情境下被多次使用, 但中西方文化差异导致了伦理的内涵也不尽相同.例如, 中国儒家文化强调的“三纲五常”“五伦”等思想贯穿于中华文明的伦理发展, 强调伦理与社会关系秩序的对应;而西方伦理观强调的是自由、权利等原则[50].因此, 中国情境下的伦理型领导研究需要充分考虑中西方文化差异[51].从目前的研究进展来看, 有的研究开发了中国情境下伦理型领导的量表[52], 但仅是对西方情境下量表的深化, 并未与中国传统文化进行有效结合;有的研究虽然结合中国传统文化开发量表, 但其样本大部分来自中国台湾, 其适用性还有待进一步考证[53].未来研究可继续结合中国伦理文化, 丰富和开发中国情境下伦理型领导的内涵和量表, 并在此基础上进行相关研究.
本研究采取的案例研究拓宽了对新产品开发绩效这一概念的理解———除了新产品开发的速度和质量, 新产品的寿命和“反脆弱性”[54]也应当是重要考量.遗憾的是, 本文在量化研究中采用了成熟的量表操作新产品开发绩效, 并不能充分体现新产品的寿命和“反脆弱性”.未来可以在设计新产品开发绩效的量表时增加新产品寿命和“反脆弱性”相关的条目, 或者单独检验伦理型领导是否以及如何影响新产品的寿命和“反脆弱性”
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注释：
1 药物的安全性观察是一个类似IV期临床试验的药物上市后继续观察研究, 是新药上市后由申请人自主进行的应用研究阶段.其目的是考察在广泛使用条件下药物的疗效和不良反应;评价在普通或者特殊人群中使用的利益与风险关系;改进给药剂量等.它是新药临床试验的重要组成部分, 是上市前新药I、II、III期试验的补充和延续.药品生产企业或研发单位进行药物的安全性观察和IV期临床试验并非强制执行的要求.
2 本研究已购买伦理型领导 (ethical leadership) 量表的使用权.
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