SCI论文(www.lunwensci.com):
摘要:cGMP依赖性蛋白激酶I(cGMP-dependent protein kinases I,PKGI)参与结肠癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌等多种肿瘤的发生、发展过程。然而,因PKGI存在两种亚型,即PKGIα和PKGIβ,且其在不同肿瘤组织中呈现抗肿瘤或促肿瘤的不同效应,为深入研究PKGI在肿瘤发病机制中的作用构成了极大困扰。本文依托cGMP/PKGI信号通路,综述PKGI在肿瘤研究中的最新进展,为进一步阐释PKGI(PKGIα和PKGIβ)在肿瘤发病机制中的作用提供参考,同时为靶向cGMP/PKGI信号通路的抗肿瘤药物研发提供理论依据。
关键词:肿瘤;cGMP依赖的蛋白激酶I(PKGI);抗肿瘤
本文引用格式:张毅峰,陆肖枫.cGMP依赖性蛋白激酶I在肿瘤中的研究进展[J].世界最新医学信息文摘,2019,19(98):125-127,131.
Adances in Study of cGMP-dependent Protein Kinases I in Cancers
ZHANG Yi-feng,LU Xiao-feng*
(Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital,Suzhou Jiangsu)
ABSTRACT:cGMP-dependent protein kinase I(PKGI)is involved in the development and progression of colon cancer,breast can-cer,ovarian cancer and other cancers.However,there are two subtypes of PKGI(PKGIαand PKGIβ),exhibiting different biological effects of anti-cancer or cancer-promoting in different tumors,which causes great difficulty in finding the deep mechanisms of PKGI(PKGIαand PKGIβ)in the pathogenesis of cancers.This article relies on cGMP/PKGI signal pathway,reviewing the latest advances about PKGI in cancer research,which can furnish a reference for further explanation of the role of PKGI in cancer pathogenesis and provide a theoretical basis for development of anti-cancer drugs targeted cGMP/PKGI signal pathway.
KEY WORDS:Cancer;PKGI;Anticancer
0引言
环鸟苷-3,5-单磷酸(cGMP)依赖性蛋白激酶又称蛋白激酶G(cGMP-dependent protein kinases,PKG),属于丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶家族,广泛存在于真核细胞中[1]。PKG与底物cGMP结合后被激活,可引起一系列生理变化,如舒张血管平滑肌、抑制血小板聚集、细胞骨架重构等[2,3]。研究表明,PKGI与多种肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关,如乳腺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、肺癌等[4-8]。体内外研究显示,PKGIα和PKGIβ在不同的肿瘤细胞中发挥不同的生物学效应,如激活或过表达PKGIβ能够抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖[9],而激活卵巢癌和胰腺癌细胞中PKGIα的活性则可抑制细胞凋亡,促进细胞增殖[7,10]。这提示PKGI具有抗肿瘤和促肿瘤的双重作用,但具体机制尚不明确。
1PKG I
1.1PKG I结构
在哺乳动物体内,PKGI主要分布在血管平滑肌、肠道平滑肌、血小板、内皮细胞、纤维母细胞等组织细胞中,而PKGII则多局限在脑和肾脏中[2,11]。PKGI由10号染色体上的I型基因编码并通过基因的交错拼接生成两种亚型(PKGIα和PKGIβ),PKGII则由坐落在4号染色体上的II型基因编码[12,13]。PKGIα和PKG Iβ在结构上高度同源,仅氨基末端的84和104位氨基酸残基不同[12]。PKGI由三个结构域组成:N末端,调节结构域,催化结构域。调节结构域包含两个串联的cGMP结合位点,当两个结合位点均结合cGMP时,PKGI被激活并启动下游信号级联放大反应,引起一系列的生物学效应[14,15]。
1.2PKG I的激活及生理功能
细胞内NO-sGC-cGMP-PKGI信号通路是PKGI激活的经典途径,同时细胞外的一些肽类激素,如心房肽、脑钠肽和尿鸟苷素等也可激活细胞膜上的微粒鸟苷酸环化酶(pGC),以另一种经典途径激活PKGI[16]。此外,PKGI亦可被活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C)直接磷酸化以非经典途径激活[16,17]。活化后的PKGI通过激活BKca离子通道[20]、肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酶、磷酸化1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体,下调细胞内的Ca2+水平,舒张血管平滑肌,抑制血小板聚集[18,19];也可直接调控FHOD1(FHdomain-containing protein 1)[20]、波形蛋白(vimentin)[21,22]和血管扩张刺激磷蛋白(vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein,VASP)[23],参与细胞骨架重构和细胞迁移。磷酸二酯酶5(phosphodiesterase 5,PDF5)能够特异性识别 cGMP,水解 cGMP 生成 GMP,抑制 PKGI 的激活[2(4]见图 1)。
2PKGI 与肿瘤的关系
2.1PKGI 与结肠癌的关系
体外研究发现,在SW480和LoVo结肠癌细胞系中过表达PKGIβ,可以在启动子活性和蛋白表达水平上增强抑癌基因Rb、p27KIPI、p21CIPI的转录活性和蛋白表达量,诱导细胞凋亡[25]。此外,体内研究显示,过表达PKGI可下调SW620结肠癌细胞[26]移植瘤裸鼠肿瘤中的β-catenin,抑制肿瘤血管生成。同时,研究发现,抑制β-catenin可增加肿瘤细胞的失巢敏感性,而高表达PKGI的SW480细胞,其失巢率增加4倍[27],这提示过表达PKGI也可以通过下调β-catenin,增强结肠癌细胞的失巢敏感性。另有研究发现,给予WiDr结肠癌细胞低剂量的外源性NO,可通过激活NO-cGMP-PKG-ERK1/2-AP1-FRA1/2-MMP2/9信号通路,促进肿瘤的迁移侵袭[28]。此通路虽未涉及到PKGI,但文献报道激活PKGIα具有抗凋亡和细胞保护作用[29],同时,PKGIα对cGMP的敏感性是PKGIβ的10倍[16],因此,外源性低剂量NO可能通过选择性激活细胞内PKGIα介导WiDr结肠癌细胞的迁移侵袭,具体机制有待进一步研究。近期研究发现,在SW480和HCT116结肠癌细胞中过表达PKG能够双重抑制TCF(T-cell factor),这种抑制作用分为慢抑制和快速抑制,在慢抑制过程中,PKG通过抑制CTTNB1基因,下调β-catenin表达,抑制TCF的激活;而在快速抑制过程中,PKG通过激活JNK(cJun-N-terminal kinase),进而活化FOXO(forhead box O),活化的FOXO一方面快速募集β-catenin,另一方面入核启动基因表达p27、GADD45、过氧化氢酶和mnSOD等,最终抑制结肠癌细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡[9,30](见图2)。此外,PKGI能够快速抑制TCF的激活[16],因此上述通路可能和PKGI密切关系,但具体作用机制尚不十分明确。磷酸二酯酶10A(phosphodiesterase 10A,PDE10)是PDE亚型中的一种,可非特异性水解cGMP和cAMP,临床多用于治疗精神分裂症和亨廷顿舞蹈病。体内研究显示,在人结肠癌样本和Apc(Min/+)小鼠结肠癌组织中PDE10过度表达,siRNA基因沉默PDE10或使用PDE10小分子抑制剂,均可选择性抑制结肠癌细胞的生长,而对正常结肠细胞无影响[31],体外进一步研究发现,在HT-29、HCT116和SW480中敲除PDE10,可上调cGMP和cAMP,激活PKG和PKA,抑制β-catenin入核,进而下调β-catenin介导的转录(如survivin等),诱导细胞凋亡(见图3)[32]。这一过程可能与过度激活结肠癌细胞中PKGIβ相关,具体机制有待进一步研究。综上,激活PKG对结肠癌细胞具有双重效应,即抗肿瘤和促肿瘤作用,这种效应可能由以下原因引起:1.激活方式不同,低剂量NO激活能力弱,主要激活对cGMP敏感的PKGIα,因此具有促肿瘤的效应,而过表达PKG或者抑制PDE10,可以很大程度激活PKG Iβ,而表现抗肿瘤效应;2.不同结肠癌细胞系PKGI及其亚型表达水平不同。
2.2PKGI与乳腺癌的关系
体外研究发现,在MCF-7和MDA-MB-468乳腺癌细胞中,使用8-Br-PET-cGMP选择性激活PKGIβ,能够抑制乳腺癌细胞生长,促进细胞凋亡,而选择性激活PKGIα(8-APT-cGMP)和PKGII(8-pCPT-cGMP)对细胞凋亡无影响[5]。研究数据显示,多巴胺-1型受体(DA type-1 receptor,D1R)在乳腺肿瘤组织和乳腺癌细胞系中均有表达,多巴胺(DA)或D1R受体激动剂可以通过激活D1R/cGMP/PKG信号通路,抑制乳腺细胞侵袭能力和细胞活力,诱导细胞凋亡,而在激活D1R受体的同时,给予PDE5抑制剂,能够显著增强这一抗肿瘤效应(图4)[33]。这种效应可能与cGMP升高水平有关,同时给予D1R受体激动剂和PDE5抑制剂可以在很大程度上提高cGMP的量,激活对cGMP不敏感的PKGIβ,发挥抗肿瘤的作用。另有研究发现,在MDA-MB-231和293T乳腺癌细胞中,激活PKGIβ可通过磷酸化钙调结合蛋白(caldesmon,CaD),破坏Caldesmon–Myosin之间相互作用,增加乳腺癌细胞的侵袭和迁移能力[34]。这种差异可能是由于细胞种类、培养条件、细胞代数不同等引起的,总的来讲,激活PKG(尤其是PKGIβ)具有抗肿瘤效应。
2.3PKGI与卵巢癌的关系
体外研究显示,在OV2008、A2780s和A2780卵巢癌细胞中,NO/sGC/cGMP/PKG信号通路的基础活性能够下调p53介导自发性凋亡,给予ODT(sGC抑制剂)能够延长p53半衰期,诱导p53丝氨酸15位磷酸化,上调p53依赖的基因产物,如p21、Bax等,诱导细胞凋亡[35]。进一步研究发现,给予ODT、DT-2(PKGIα特异性抑制剂)和基因沉默PKGIα能够抑制卵巢癌细胞的DNA合成和增殖,这提示cGMP/PKGIα的基础活性在促进卵巢癌细胞增殖方面有重要作用,可能机制如下:基础水平的NO(eNOS、nNOS催化产生)激活细胞内sGC,sGC水解GTP生成cGMP,基础水平的cGMP又可激活对cGMP敏感的PKGIα,PKGIα通过与Src相互作用,增强Src的激酶活性,进而引起DNA合成和细胞增殖(见图5)[10]。综上可知,PKG基础活性(尤其是PKGIα)可促进卵巢癌细胞DNA合成和增殖,抑制细胞的自发性凋亡,具有一定的促肿瘤效应。
2.4PKGI与其他肿瘤的关系
文献报道,PKGI信号通路在多种细胞中通过不同的机制,发挥细胞保护作用[36]。体外研究发现,在NCI-H460和A549非小细胞性肺癌细胞中,维持PKGIα的基础活性能够保持较高的CREB(cAMP response element binding)磷酸化水平,上调c-IAP1、livin、survivin和Mcl-1蛋白的表达,抑制细胞自发性凋亡和促进集落形成,给予DT-2或基因沉默PKGIα则可诱导细胞凋亡[8]。提示在非小细胞性肺癌中PKGIα具有一定的促肿瘤效应。研究显示,胰腺癌细胞(BXPC3、Capan-1、Dan-G、MiaPaCa、Panc1、ACBRI515、HPNPCC)中均表达功能性PKGI,给予DT-2选择性抑制PKGIα,能够引起胰腺癌细胞坏死,抑制细胞增殖和侵袭,这种抗肿瘤效应可能与下调ERK1/2和p38有关[11]。另有体内研究发现,在C57BL/6小鼠Panc02原位肿瘤模型中,DT3可通过抑制PKGI,减小原位肿瘤体积,抑制肿瘤的转移,此效应可能是通过下调GSK-3,P38和CREB磷酸化水平引起的[7]。综上,PKGI在非小细胞性肺癌和胰腺癌中也发挥着重要的生理作用且PKGIα显示促肿瘤效应。
3以cGMP/PKGI信号通路为靶点的抗肿瘤研究
研究发现,白芦藜醇可以抑制PKGIα的活性,下调Src磷酸化水平,抑制卵巢癌细胞DNA合成和细胞粘附[37]。白芦藜醇作为自然界广泛存在的天然产物,具有低毒多靶的特性,因此有望成为靶向PKGI的抗肿瘤药物。在结肠癌相关抗原分析中,发现PKGI与肿瘤的增殖和血管形成相关,通过合成肿瘤抗原PKGI的HLA-A2限制性表位肽,诱导HLA-A2限制性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的激活,激活的CTL可以靶向杀死体内的肿瘤细胞,发挥抗肿瘤效应[38]。因此,肿瘤PKGI表位肽有望成为靶向抗肿瘤多肽免疫治疗疫苗。近年研究证实,非甾体抗炎药(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)和环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)抑制剂具有潜在的抗肿瘤活性[39,40],但不幸的是,抑制环氧合酶(COX)可引起潜在的致命毒性反应。有研究显示,通过结构改造硫化舒林酸(一种非甾体抗炎药),得到化合物SSA,虽然SSA失去对COX-1和COX-2的抑制作用,但可以选择性抑制PDE5,增加乳腺癌细胞内cGMP的量,通过激活PKG(PKGIβ),下调Wnt/β-catenin,诱导细胞凋亡[41,42]。这提示化合物结构改造也是发现抗肿瘤药物的重要途径之一。另有体内研究报道,激活PKGI,可以通过降低Bax/Bcl2比值、caspase3活性和细胞色素c的释放,保护线粒体,缓解顺铂引起的肾损伤[42]。由此可见,PKGI在抗肿瘤的同时,还可以保护机体的重要器官,显示出广阔的药用前景。
4结语
近年来,随着研究的不断深入,PKGI信号通路与多种肿瘤的关系得到进一步阐明,为靶向PKGI信号通路肿瘤治疗提供了理论依据,但由于PKGI各亚型在不同肿瘤组织中的表达和活性的不同,目前针对PKGI信号通路的抗肿瘤药物仍处在研发阶段。通过文献综述可以对药物研发提供以下思路:(1)选择性,PKGI亚型的选择性抑制或激活(如选择性激活PKGIβ;选择性抑制PKGIα;选择性激活PKGIβ与选择性抑制PKGIα联用)对肿瘤治疗更有针对性;(2)药物骈合设计理念,大量研究显示通过联合用药,作用于PKGI通路的不同环节,可以很大程度增强药物的抗肿瘤活性(如顺铂和DT-2联用,D1R受体激动剂与PDE5的联用),因此可以通过药物骈合原理,将作用于PKGI通路不同环节的小分子化合物通过化学键骈合在一起,经体内酶代谢后释放出针对各靶点的活性化合物,发挥协同抗肿瘤作用;(3)天然产物,天然产物具有结构新颖,低毒等特点,是发现针对PKGI信号通路抗肿瘤的天然宝库;(4)药物结构改造,通过对已上市药物进行结构改造,减轻药物毒副作用,增强抗肿瘤活性,是发现潜在作用于PKGI信号通路抗肿瘤药物的有效途径之一。虽然PKGI与肿瘤之间的联系尚不十分明确,但可以肯定,针对PKGI信号通路的药物研发,将成为肿瘤治疗的有效方法。
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